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Surdulica massacre
The Surdulica massacre was the mass murder of Serbian men by Bulgarian occupational authorities in the southern Serbian town of Surdulica in 1916 and early 1917, during World War I. Members of the Serbian intelligentsia in the region, mostly functionaries, teachers, priests and former soldiers, were detained by Bulgarian forces—ostensibly so that they could be deported to the Bulgarian capital, Sofia—before being taken into the forests around Surdulica and killed. An estimated 2,000–3,000 Serbian men were executed by the Bulgarians in the town and its surroundings. Witnesses to the massacre were interviewed by an American writer named William A. Drayton in December 1918 and January 1919.
==Background==
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July, marking the beginning of World War I. Serbia was invaded by a combined German and Austro-Hungarian force on 7 October 1915. On 14 October, the Kingdom of Bulgaria declared war on Serbia and invaded the country from the east. The Serbian Army was forced to retreat through Albania. Serbia was divided between the Austro-Hungarians, Germans and Bulgarians. The Bulgarian occupation zone was located in the area between the cities of Skopje and Niš, which had been a target of Bulgarian nationalism. As Bulgarians emphasize, before 1878, that area was under the jurisdiction of the Bulgarian Exarchate and had certain Bulgarophile intelligentsia, but afterwards it was ceded to Serbia and pro-Serbian sentiments became prevailing ubiquitously.〔Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One, Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 900425076X, p. 437.〕 A policy of Bulgarianisation targeting ethnic Serbs was implemented there. As result in September 1916, the Serbian high command sent Kosta Pećanac in the Toplica District to organize a guerrilla uprising.〔The Chetniks: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, v.1, Jozo Tomašević, Stanford University Press, 1975, ISBN 0804708576,pp. 117-118.〕 There, Pećanac contacted several groups and joined forces with local leaders. As a consequence, one of the first measures undertaken by the Bulgarian military authorities was the mass-deportation of non-Bulgarian adult males. On 16 December 1916, the Bulgarian military governor of the occupied Serbian territories ordered that "all men between 18 and 50 who have served in the Serbian Army, all officers, former teachers, priests, journalists, former deputies, military functionaries, and all suspected persons, should be arrested and interned". Arrests of Serbian men followed. In January – February 1917 the Bulgarians began conscripting local Serbs for military service and a rumor was spread that the Allies has reached Skopje, so the Serbs should rise in revolt. The decision for this rebellion was taken and on 21 February, and the Toplica rebellion broke out. Its leaders gathered several hundreds of rebels who conquered Prokuplje and Kuršumlija. Pećanac also attempted to attract Albanians on his side, but without success. On 12 March, the Bulgarian counterattack started under the command of Alexander Protogerov involving comitadjis' forces of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation.〔Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009 ISBN 0810855658, p. 10.〕 After several days of fighting, the Bulgarians entered Prokuplje on 14 March and Austro-Hungarians the Kuršumlija. As of 25 March, the order there was fully restored.〔Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918, Twentieth-Century Battles Series, Richard C. Hall, Indiana University Press, 2010, ISBN 0253354528,p. 82.〕 In the battles, several thousand people were killed, including civilians. In April 1917, the Serbian guerrillas, attacked a railway station and on 15 May, Pecanac entered the old Bulgarian border and invaded Bosilegrad, which was burned down. Then he withdrew to Kosovo, controlled then by the Austro-Hungarians.
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